What defense mechanism is Mary using to cope with her failing grade?

• A. Denial
• B. Rationalization
• C. Projection
• D. Repression

Answer: (B)

Rationalization is a defense mechanism where a person explains away a disappointing outcome with plausible-sounding reasons, helping protect self-esteem by avoiding admission of personal responsibility. In Mary’s case, coping with a failing grade by offering external explanations—like the test being unusually hard, the grading was unfair, or she had bad conditions—lets her view the result as understandable rather than a reflection of her effort or ability. This differs from denial, which would involve refusing to acknowledge the grade; projection, which would blame someone else for the failure; or repression, which would push the thought of failing out of awareness. The idea is to reframe the situation so she can maintain a more positive view of herself.