Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

• A. Age
• B. Gender
• C. Family history
• D. Diet

Answer: (D)

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease can be split into those you can change and those you cannot. Diet falls into the changeable category because you have direct control over what you eat. What you put into your body affects key drivers of heart risk: LDL cholesterol levels, blood pressure, blood glucose, and body weight. For example, reducing saturated fats and trans fats lowers LDL cholesterol, lowering sodium helps control blood pressure, and limiting added sugars and overall calories helps prevent obesity and insulin resistance. By adopting a heart-healthy eating pattern—more fruits, vegetables, fiber, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats—you actively reduce cardiovascular risk. In contrast, age, gender, and family history cannot be changed, which is why they’re not modifiable factors.